Overview
In the arena of false allegations, blending science and law is what we do to win cases. A scientist
trained at the New School for Social Research in New York, and
honors graduate of a prestigious Jesuit law school, our chief litigator has
published a large body of original research in scientific journals. He has also
published works in legal journals and has written three books for lawyers
and judges.
Undoubtedly, the first place to look for resource material regarding
junk science and the law is his two-volume work written with
psychologist Dr. Terence W. Campbell:
Demosthenes Lorandos & Terrence W. Campbell, Cross
Examining Experts In The Behavioral Sciences (West Group 2001).
For Judges and Attorneys
For legal professionals, a good place to begin the search would be a new
book written for judges: Demosthenes Lorandos & Terrence W.
Campbell, Benchbook in the Behavorial Sciences: Psychiatry, Psychology,
Social Work (Carolina Academic Press 2005)
Citations According to Category
As a scientist and
litigator, trial team leader has written and taught the subject of junk
science versus real science to judges, lawyers, and mental health
professionals. In many of his seminars, the participants
often ask why there are so many false allegations of sexual abuse. Here are some materials we have found useful in explaining this
troubling phenomenon:
Besharov,
D.J. (1986). Unfounded allegations - a new child abuse problem. The
Public Interest, 83, 18-33.
Besharov,
D. (1990). Gaining control over child abuse reports. Public Welfare,
Spring, 34-41.
Bruck,
M., Ceci, S.J., Francoeur, E., & Barr, R.J. (1995). "I hardly cried
when I got my shot:" Influencing children’s reports about a visit to
their pediatrician. Child Development, 66, 193-208.
Bruck,
M. & Ceci, S.J. (1995). Amicus brief for the case of New Jersey v
Michaels presented by Committee of Concerned Social Scientists.
Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. 1, 272-322.
Campbell, T.W. (1992). False allegations of sexual abuse and the
persuasiveness of play therapy. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations,
4, 118-124.
Ceci,
S.J. Ross, D.F. & Toglia M.P. (Eds.) (1989). Perspectives on
children’s testimony. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
Everson,
M.D. & Boat,B. W. (1989). False allegations of sexual abuse by children
and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent
Psychiatry, 28, 230- 240.
Foley,
M.A. & Johnson, M.K. (1985). Confusion between memories for performed
and imagined actions. Child Development, 56, 1145-1155.
Gilbert,
N. (1991). The phantom epidemic of sexual assault. The Public
Interest, 103, 54-65.
Goodman,
G. & Clarke-Stewart, A. (1991). Suggestibility in children’s testimony:
Implications for child sexual abuse investigations. In Doris, J.L. (Ed.)
The Suggestibility of Children’s Recollections. Washington DC:
American Psychological Association pp. 92-105.
Horner,
T.J., Guyer, M.J. & Kalter, N.M. (1992). Prediction, prevention, and
clinical expertise in child custody cases in which allegations of sexual
abuse have been made: III. Studies of expert opinion formation.
Family Law Quarterly, 26, 141-170.
Hunt,
J.S. & Borgida, E. (2001). Is that what I said?: Witnesses’ responses to
interviewer modifications. Law and Human Behavior, 25, 583-603.
Joslyn,
S., Loftus, E., McNoughton, A. & Powers, J. (2001). Memory for memory.
Memory & Cognition, 29, 789-797.
Lamb,
M.E., Orbach, Y., Sternberg, K.J., Hershkowitz, I. & Horowitz, D.
(2000). Accuracy of investigators’ verbatim notes of their forensic
interviews with alleged child abuse victims. Law and Human Behavior,
24, 699-708.
Lindsay,
D.S., Johnson, M.K. & Kwon, P. (1991). Developmental changes in memory
source monitoring. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 52,
297-318.
Lorandos,
D. (1995). Finding the Right Expert in: Expert Witnesses: Beyond Junk
Science and Daubert. Institute of Continuing Legal Education. Ann
Arbor, Michigan.
Lorandos,
D. & Campbell, T. (1996). Ethical Considerations in Child Sexual
Abuse Litigation: Attorney & Clinician Liability Proceedings: National
Child Abuse Defense Resource Center Fifth International Conference,
Chicago, 1996.
Lorandos,
D. (1997). Suing the Validators: A how-to manual with do’s & don’ts
for suing false accusers & child abuse validators
Proceedings: National Child Abuse Defense Resource Center Sixth
International Conference, Las Vegas, 1997.
Lungren,
D.E. (June 1994). Child victim witness investigative pilot
project: Research and Evaluation. Sacremento, CA: California Attorney
General’s Office. Cited by McGough, L.S. (1995). For the record:
Videotaping investigative interviews. Psychology Public Policy, and
Law, 1, 370-386.
McGough, L.S. (1991). Commentary: Sexual abuse and
suggestibility. In J. Doris (Ed.), The Suggestibility of Children’s
Recollections: Implications for eyewitness testimony. Washington,
DC: American Psychological Association.
Quas,
J.A., DeCicco, V., Bulkley, J. & Goodman, G. (1996). Research
brief: District attorneys views of legal innovations for child
witnesses. American Psychology – Law Society News, 16(2), 5-8.
Schultz,
L. (1989). One hundred cases of unfounded child sexual abuse: A survey
and recommendations. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 1(1),
29-38.
Warren,
A.R. & Woodall, C.E. (1999). The reliability of hearsay testimony: How
well do interviewers recall their interviews with children?
Psychology, Public Policy, and the Law, 5, 355-371.
Walker,
N.E. & Hunt, J.S. (1998). Interviewing child victim-witnesses: How you
ask is what you get. In C.P. Thompson, D. Herrman, J.D. Read, D. Bruce,
D. Payne, and M.P. Toglia (Eds.) Eyewitness Memory: Theoretical and
applied perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum (p. 75).
One explanation for the
false allegation phenomenon is that interviewers are manipulating the
memories of the alleg ed victims. Unfortunately for defendants, the
research makes it exceedingly clear that this phenomenon is very
prevalent--even when the interviewers are trained! Here are some
materials our team have found useful in cross examining interviewers
about their biased and manipulative techniques:
Bruck, M. & Ceci, S.J.
(1997). The suggestibility of young children. Current Directions in
Psychological Science, 6, 75-79, (p. 75).
Bruck, M., Ceci, S.J.
& Francoeur, E. (1999). The accuracy of mothers’ memories of
conservations with their preschool children. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Applied, 5, 89-106.
Campbell, T.W.
(1992). False allegations of sexual abuse and their apparent
credibility. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 10 (4),
21-35.
Campbell, T.W.
(1992). False allegations of sexual abuse and the persuasiveness of play
therapy. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 4, 118-124.
Ceci, S.J. & Bruck,
M. (1993). Suggestibility of the child witness: A historical review and
synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 403-409.
Ceci, S.J. & Bruck,
M. (1995). Jeopardy in the Courtroom. Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
Ceci, S.J. & DeSimone,
M. (1992). Group distortion effects in preschooler's reports. Paper
presented to the Biennial Meeting of the American Psychology/Law
Society. San Diego, California, March 1992.
Ceci, S.J., Ross, D.G.
& Toglia, M. (1987). Suggestibility of children's memory: Psychological
implications. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116,
38-49.
Ceci, S.J., Ross, D.G.
& Toglia, M. (1987). Age differences in suggestibility. In Ceci, S.J.,
Toglia, M.P. & Ross, D.F. (Eds.) Children's Eyewitness Memory.
New York: Springer-Verlag.
Clarke-Stewart, A.,
Thompson, W. & Lepore, S. (1989). Manipulating children’s
interpretations through interrogation. Paper presented at the
Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development.
Kansas City, MO.
Cole, C.B. & Loftus,
E. (1987). The memory of children. In Ceci, S.J., Toglia, M.P. & Ross,
D.F. (Eds.) Children's Eyewitness Memory. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Coleman, L. (1990).
False accusations of sexual abuse: Psychiatry's latest reign of error.
Journal of Mind and Behavior, 11, 299-310.
Coleman, L.& Clancy,
P.E. (1990). False allegations of sexual abuse: Why is it happening?
What can we do? Criminal Justice, 5(3), 14-17.
Dale, P.S., Loftus,
E, & Rathbon. L. (1978). The influence of the form of the question on
the eyewitness testimony of preschool children. Journal of
Psychological Research, 7, 269-277.
Dallas, M.E. & Baron,
R.S. (1985). Do psychotherapists use a confirmatory strategy during
interviewing? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 3,
106-122.
Doris, J. (1991). Suggestibility of Children’s Recollections. Washington DC: American
Psychological Association.
Ewing, C.P. (1994
January). Child’s disclosure of sexual abuse held tainted by repeated
exposure to suggestive book. APA Monitor, 25, p. 14.
Eysenck, M.W., Mogg,
K., May, J. Richards, A. & Mathews, A. (1991). Bias in interpretation of
ambiguous sentences related to threat in anxiety. Journal of Abnormal
Psychology, 100, 144-150.
Foley, M.A., &
Johnson, M.K. (1985). Confusions between memories for performed and
imagined actions: A developmental comparison. Child Development,
56, 1145-1155.
Frick, P.J.,
Silverthorn, P. & Evans, C.E. (1994). Assessment of childhood anxiety
using structured interviews: Patterns of agreement among informants and
association with maternal anxiety. Psychological Assessment, 6,
372-379.
Gardner, R.A. (1991).
The "validators" and other examiners. Issues in Child Abuse
Accusations, 2(1), 38-53.
Gardner, R.A. (1992).
Leading stimuli, leading gestures and leading questions. Issues in
Child Abuse Accusations, 4, 144-155.
Goodman, G.S. &
Clarke-Stewart, A. (1991). Suggestibility in children’s testimony:
Implications for child sexual abuse investigations. In J.L. Doris
(Ed.), The Suggestibility of Children’s Recollections.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Horner, T.M. & Guyer, M. (1991). Prediction, prevention, and clinical
expertise in child custody cases in which allegations of child sexual
abuse have been made: I. Predictable rates of diagnostic error in
relation to various clinical decision making strategies. Family Law
Quarterly, 25(2), 217-252.
Horner, T.M., Guyer,
M.J. & Kalter, N.M. (1992). Prediction, prevention and clinical
expertise in child custody cases in which allegations of child sexual
abuse have been made: III Studies of expert opinion formation. Family
Law Quarterly, 26, 141-170.
Johnson, M.K.,
Hashtroudi, S. & Lindsay, D.S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological
Bulletin, 114, 3-28.
King, M.A. & Yuille,
J.C. (1987). Suggestibility and the Child Witness In Ceci, S., Toglia,
M. & Ross, D. (Eds.), Children’s Eyewitness Memory. New York: Springer-Verlag,
pp. 24-37.
Lepore, S.J. & Sesco,
B. (1994). Distorting children’s reports and interpretations of events
through suggestion. Applied Psychology, 79, 108-120.
Lindsay, D.S.,
Johnson, M.K. & Kwon, P. (1991). Developmental changes in memory source
monitoring. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 52,
297-318.
Loftus, E.F. &
Hoffman, H.G. (1989). Misinformation and memory: The creation of new
memories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118,
100-104.
Loftus, E.F.
(1992). When a lie becomes memory’s truth: Memory distortion after
exposure to misinformation. Current Directions in Psychological
Science, 1, 121-123.
Lorandos, D. &
Campbell, T. (1995). Myths and Realities of Sexual Abuse Evaluation and
Diagnosis: A Call for Judicial Guidelines 7 Issues in Child Abuse
Accusations 1.
Peiffer, L.C. & Trull,
T.T. (2000). Predictors of suggestibility and false memory-production in
young adult women. Journal of Personality Assessment, 74,
384-399.
Petit, F., Fagan, M.
& Howie, P. (1990). Interviewer effects on children's testimony. Paper
presented at the International Congress on Child Abuse and Neglect,
Hamburg, Germany. September, 1990. Cited by: Ceci, S.J. & Bruck, M.
(1993). Suggestibility of the child witness: A historical review and
synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 403-439.
Pezdek, K. & Roe, C.
(1997). The suggestibility of children’s memory for being touched:
Planting, erasing, and changing memories. Law and Human Behavior,
21, 95-106.
Poole, D. & White, L.
(1991). Effects of question repetition on the eyewitness testimony of
children and adults. Developmental Psychology, 27, 975-986.
Poole, D.A. &
Lindsay, D.S. (1998). Assessing the accuracy of young children’s
reports: Lessons from the investigation of child sexual abuse.
Applied and Preventive Psychology, 7, 1-26.
Porter, S., Birt, A.R.,
Yuille, J.C. & Lehman, D.R. (2000). Negotiating false memories:
Interviewer and rememberer characteristics relate to memory distortion. Psychological
Science, 11, 507-510.
Porter, S., Yuille,
J.C. & Lehman, D.R. (1999). The nature of real, implanted and fabricated
memories for emotional childhood events: Implications for the recovered
memory debate. Law and Human Behavior, 23, 517-537.
Quinn, K.M., White,
S. & Santilli, G. (1989). Influences of an interviewer’s behaviors in
child abuse investigations. Bulletin of the American Academy of
Psychiatry and the Law, 17, 45-52.
Ricci, C.M., Beal,
C.R. & Dekle, D.J. (1996). The effect of parent versus unfamiliar
interviewers on children’s eyewitness memory and identification
accuracy. Law and Human Behavior, 20, 483-500.
Siegel, M., Waters,
L.J. & Dinwiddy, L.S. (1988). Misleading children: Casual attributions
for inconsistency under repeated questioning. Journal of
Experimental Child Psychology, 45, 438-456.
Snyder, M. & Thomsen,
C.J. (1988). Interactions between therapists and clients: Hypothesis
testing and behavioral confirmation. In D.C. Turk & P. Salovey (Eds.) Reasoning,
influence, and judgment in clinical psychology. New York, NY: Free
Press.
Stevenson, K.M.,
Leung, P. & Cheung, K.M. (1992). Competency-based evaluation of
interviewing skills in child sexual abuse cases. Social Work Research
and Abstracts, 28(3), 11-16.
Yuille, J.C., Hunter,
R., Joffe, R., & Zaparniuk, J. (1993). Interviewing children in sexual
abuse cases. In G.S. Goodman & B.L. Bottoms (Eds.) Child Victims,
child witnesses: Understanding and Improving Testimony. New York,
NY: Guilford, pp. 100-101.
Zaragoza, M.S.,
Payment, K.E., Ackill, J.K., Drivdahl, S.B. & Beck, M.
(2001). Interviewing witnesses: Forced confabulation and confirmatory
feedback increase false memories. Psychological Science, 12,
473-477.
The
phenomenon started in the 1980s, perhaps as a result of the general
position of women in our divorce courts, and now sexual abuse
allegations during divorce are now an epidemic. Here are some materials
we have used to get to the truth in this difficult area:
Benedek, E.P. & Schetky, D. (1985).
Custody and visitation: Problems and perspectives. Psychiatric
Clinics of North America, 8, 857-873.
Benedek, E.P. & Schetky, D. (1985).
Allegations of sexual abuse in child custody and visitation disputes. In
Benedek, E & Schetky D. (Eds.) Emerging Issues in Child Psychiatry
and the Law. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Benedek, E.P, & Schetky, D.H.
(1987). Problems in validating allegations of sexual abuse: I. Factors
affecting perception and recall of events. Journal of the American
Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 912-920.
Benedek, E.P, & Schetky, D.H.
(1987). Problems in validating allegations of sexual abuse: II.
Clinical Evaluation. Journal of the American Academy of Child &
Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 916-927.
Berliner, L. (1988). Deciding
whether a child has been sexually abused. In Nicholson, E.B. (Ed.)
Sexual Abuse Allegations in Custody and Visitation Cases. Washington
DC: American Bar Association, pp. 48-69.
Blush, G.L. & Ross, K. L. (1987).
Sexual allegations in divorce: The SAID syndrome. Conciliation Courts
Review, 25(1) 45-55.
Bishop, S.J. & Johnson, C.E.K.
(1987). Dealing with sexual allegations in custody and visitation
disputes - Part I. Colorado Lawyer, 16(6), 1006-1008.
Bishop, S.J. & Johnson, C.E.K.
(1987). Dealing with sexual allegations in custody and visitation
disputes – Part II. Colorado Lawyer, 16(7), 1225-1228.
Brant, S.T. & Sink, F. (1984).
Dilemmas in Court-Ordered evaluation of sexual abuse charges during
custody and visitation proceedings , Paper presented at the 31st Annual
Meeting of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, Toronto, Can.,
10-12-84.
Bresee, P., Sterns, G.B., Bess, B.H.
& Packer, L.S. (1986). Allegations of child sexual abuse in child
custody disputes: A therapeutic assessment model. American Journal of
Orthopsychiatry, 56, 560-569.
Campbell, T.W. (1992c).
Psychotherapy with children of divorce: The pitfalls of triangulated
relationships. Psychotherapy, 29, 646-652.
Cooke, G. & Cooke, M. (1991).
Dealing with sexual abuse allegations in the context of custody
evaluations. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 9, 55-67.
Elterman, M.F. & Ehrenberg, M.F.,
(1991). Sexual Abuse allegations in child custody disputes.
International Journal of Law & Psychiatry, 14, 269-286.
Fisk, M.C. (1989). Abuse: The new
weapon. The National Law Journal, 7-17-89, pp 1, 20-25.
Gardner, R.A. (1987). The
parental alienation syndrome and the differentiation between fabricated
and genuine child sexual abuse. Cresskill, N.J.: Creative Therapeutics.
Gardner, R.A. (1992). The
Parental Alienation Syndrome. Cresskill, N.J.: Creative
Therapeutics.
Gordon, C. (1985). False allegations
of abuse in child custody disputes. Minnesota Family Law Journal,
2(14), 225-228.
Green, A. H.(1986). True and false
allegations of sexual abuse in child custody disputes. Journal of the
American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25 449-456.
Hindmarch, B. (1990). Allegations of
child sexual abuse in the context of custody/access disputes. Alberta
Psychology, 19(1), 18-19.
Jones, D.P.H. & Seig, A. (1988).
Child sexual abuse allegations in custody and visitation cases: A report
of 20 cases. In Nicholson, E.B. (Ed.) Sexual Abuse Allegations in
Custody and Visitation Cases. Washington DC: American Bar
Association, pp. 22-36.
Kaplan, S.L. & Kaplan, S.J. (1981).
The child’s accusation of sexual abuse during a divorce and custody
struggle. The Hillside Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 3, 81-95.
Kaser-Boyd, N. (1988). Fictitious
allegations of sexual abuse in marital dissolutions. Family Law News,
11(4), 45, 50-52.
Lorandos, D. & Campbell, T. (1995).
Myths and Realities of Sexual Abuse Evaluation and Diagnosis: A Call for
Judicial Guidelines. 7 Issues in Child Abuse Accusations 1
Ross, K & Blush, G. (1990). Sexual
abuse discriminators in the divorced or divorcing family. Issues in
Child Abuse Accusations, 2(1), 1-6.
Schaefer, M. & Guyer, M. (1988).
Allegations of sexual abuse in custody and visitation disputes: A legal
and clinical challenge. Paper presented at the 96th Annual Convention of
the American Psychological Association, Atlanta, Ga. August, 1988.
Sheridan, R. (1990). The false child
molestation outbreak of the 1980’s: An explanation of the cases arising
in the divorce context. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 2,
146-151.
Thoennes, N. & Pearson, J. (1988). A
difficult dilemma: Responding to sexual abuse allegations in custody and
visitation disputes. In D. J. Besharov (Ed.) Protecting Children from
Abuse and Neglect (pp. 91-112). Springfield, Il.: C.C. Thomas.
Wakefield, H. & Underwager, R.
(1990). Personality characteristics of parents making false accusations
of sexual abuse in custody disputes. Issues in Child Abuse
Accusations, 2(13) 121-136.
Wakefield, H. & Underwager, R
(1991). Sexual allegations in divorce and custody disputes.
Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 9, 451-468.
CSAAS
is truly a stupid idea when used in forensic
applications. The idea originated in the musings of a child
psychiatrist many years ago and has been latched onto by the
"save-the-children" types as a "diagnostic indicator" of child sexual
abuse. Here are some materials that our team has used in cross
examination of witnesses who have testified about CSAAS:
Blush, G. L., & Ross, K. L. (1987).
Sexual allegations in divorce: The SAID syndrome. Conciliation Courts
Review, 25(1) 45-55.
Bottoms, B., Goodman, G.,
Schwartz-Kenny, B., Sachsenmaier, T. & Thomas, S. (1990 March). Keeping
secrets: Implications for children’s testimony. Paper presented at the
Biennial meeting of the American Psychology/Law Society, Williamsburg,
VA. Cited by Ceci, S.J. & Bruck, M. (1993). Suggestibility of the child
witness: A historical review and synthesis. Psychological Bulletin,
113, 403-439.
Bradley, A. & Wood, J. (1996). How
do children tell? The disclosure process in child sexual abuse. Child
Abuse & Neglect, 20, 881-891.
Bruck, M., Ceci, S.J. & Hembrooke,
H. (1988). Reliability and credibility of young children’s
reports: From research to policy and practice. American Psychologist,
53, 136-151.
Campbell, T.W. (1997). Indicators of
child sexual abuse and their unreliability. American Journal of
Forensic Psychology, 15(1), 1-13.
Ceci, S. J., Leichtman, M., & White,
T. (1999). Interviewing preschoolers: Remembrance of things planted. In
D. P. Peters (Ed.) The child witness in context: Cognitive, social,
and legal perspectives. The Netherlands: Kluwer.
Ceci, S. J., Crotteau-Huffman, M.,
Smith, E., & Loftus, E. W. (1994). Repeatedly thinking about
non-events. Consciousness & Cognition, 3, 388-407.
Ceci, S. J., Loftus, E. F.,
Leichtman, M., & Bruck, M. (1994). The role of source misattributions in
the creation of false beliefs among preschoolers. International
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 62, 304-320.
Clawar, S. & Rivlin, B. (1991).
Children Held Hostage: Dealing with Programmed and Brainwashed Children.
American Bar Association, Chicago, Illinois.
Gonzalez, L., Waterman, J., Kelly,
R., McCord, J. & Oliveri, M. (1993). Children’s patterns of disclosures
and recantations of sexual and ritualistic abuse allegations in
psychotherapy. Child Abuse & Neglect, 17, 281-289.
Goodman, G. S., & Clarke-Stewart, A.
(1991). Suggestibility in children’s testimony: Implications for child
sexual abuse investigations. In J. L. Doris (Eds.) The
suggestibility of children’s recollections (pp. 92-105).
Washington, DC: The American Psychological Association.
Goodman, G. Taub, E., Jones, D.,
England, P. Port, L., Rudy, L. & Prado. (1992). Monographs of the
Society for Research in Child Development, 57 (5, Serial No. 229).
Jones, D. & McGraw, J.M.
(1987). Reliable and fictitious accounts of sexual abuse in children.
Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2, 27-45.
Kendall-Tackett, K.A., Williams, L.M.,
& Finkelhor, D. (1993). Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and
synthesis of recent empirical studies. Psychological Bulletin,
113, 164-178.
Lepore, S. J., & Sesco, B.
(1994). Distorting children’s reports and interpretations of events
through suggestion. Applied Psychology, 79, 108-120.
McGough, L.S., & Warren, A.R.
(1994). The all-important investigative interview. Juvenile and
Family Court Journal, 45, 13-29
Orcutt, H.K., Goodman, G.S., Tobey,
A.E., Batterman-Faunce, J.M. & Thomas, S. (2001). Detecting deception in
children’s testimony: Factfinders’ abilities to reach the truth in open
court and closed-circuit trials. Law and Human Behavior, 25,
339-372.
Peters, D.P. (1991
April). Confrontational stress and children’s testimony. Paper presented
at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child
Development, Seattle, WA. Cited by Ceci, S.J. & Bruck, M. (1993).
Suggestibility of the child witness: A historical review and
synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 403-439.
Porter, S. & Yuille, J.C.
(1996). The language of deceit: An investigation of the verbal clues to
deception in the interrogation context. Law and Human Behavior,
20, 443-458.
Porter, S., Yuille, J.C. & Lehman,
D.R. (1999). The nature of real, implanted, and fabricated memories for
emotional childhood events: Implications for the recovered memory
debate. Law and Human Behavior, 23, 517-537.
Saywitz, K.J.& Snyder, L.
(1996). Narrative elaboration:Test of a new procedure for interviewing
children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64,
1347-1357.
Thoennes, N., & Tjaden, P.G.
(1990). The extent, nature and validity of sexual abuse allegations in
custody/visitation disputes. Child Abuse and Neglect, 14, 151-163.
Wilson, J.C. & Pipe, M.E. (1989).
The effects of cues on young children’s recall of real events.
New
Zealand Journal of Psychology, 18, 65-70.
Imagine
your child skipping through the aisles at Toy R Us. She picks
up a doll to look at it and it has pubic hair and an erect penis! Shocked? Don’t
be. These are the sorts of suggestive "toys" that less-than-well-trained investigators use all the time. Here are some
materials our chief litigator has found useful in cross examining these people:
Boat, B.W. & Everson, M.D. (1988). Use of anatomical dolls among professionals in sexual abuse
evaluations. Child Abuse & Neglect, 12, 171-179.
Ceci, S.J. & Bruck, M. (1995). Jeopardy in the Courtroom. Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
Cohn, D.S. (1991). Anatomical doll
play or preschoolers referred for sexual abuse and those not referred. Child Abuse & Neglect, 15, 455-466.
Gabriel, R.M. (1985). Anatomically
correct dolls in the diagnosis of sexual abuse of children. Journal
of the Melanie Klein Society, 3, 40-51.
Glaser, D.&Collins,
C. (1989). The response of young, non-sexually abused children to
anatomically correct dolls. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 30, 547- 559.
Goodman,G. S. & Aman, C.
(1990). Children's use of anatomically detailed dolls to recount an
event. Child Development, 61, 1859-1866.
Koocher, G.P., Goodman, G.S., White,
C.S., Friedrich, W.N., Sivan, A.B. & Reynolds, C.R. (1995). Psychological science and the use of anatomically detailed dolls in
child sexual-abuse assessments. Psychological Bulletin, 118,
199-222.
Maan, C. (1991). Assessment of
sexuality abused children with anatomically detailed dolls: A critical
review. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 9, 43-51, (p. 49).
Realmuto, G.M., Jensen, J.B, &
Wescoe, S. (1990). Specificity and sensitivity of sexually anatomically
correct dolls in substantiating abuse: A pilot study. Journal of
the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 743-746.
Skinner, L.J. & Berry, K.K. (1993).
Anatomically detailed dolls and the evaluation of child sexual abuse
allegations. Law and Human Behavior, 17, 399-421.
White, S et al.
(1986). Interviewing young sexual abuse victims with anatomically
correct dolls. Child
Abuse & Neglect, 10 , 519-524.
Woldner, G. , Faust, D. & Dawes, R.M.
(1993). The use of anatomically detailed dolls in sexual abuse
evaluations: The state of science. Applied and Preventive
Psychology, 2, 1-11, (p. 9).
Wolfner, G., Faust, D. & Dawes, R.M.
(1993). The use of anatomically detailed dolls in sexual abuse
evaluations: The state of the science. Applied and Preventative
Psychology, 2, 1-11.
Yates, A. & Terr, L (1988).
Anatomically Correct Dolls: Should They Be Used as the Basis for Expert
Testimony? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent
Psychiatry, 27, 254-265.
Has the child been sexually
abused? Do the physical findings actually demonstrate sexual abuse?
Are they reliable? Can they be explained by other causes? Here are
some of the materials we have used to get to the bottom of
these questions in cross examination:
Berenson, A., Heger,
A.H., Hayes, J.M. et al (1992). Appearance of the hymen in prepubertal
girls. Pediatrics 899, 387-394.
Coleman, L.(1989).
Medical examination for sexual abuse: Have we been misled? Issues in
Child Abuse Accusations, 1(3), 1-9.
Emans, S., Woods, E.,
Flagg, N. & Freeman, A. (1987). Genital findings in sexually abused,
symptomatic and asymptomatic, girls. 79 Pediatrics 778-785.
Fay, R. (1991). A
critical analysis of a medical report in a case of suspected child
sexual abuse. Issues in Child Abuse Allegations, 3, 199-202.
Finkel, M. (1988).
The medical evaluation of child sexual abuse. In, Schetky, D. & Green, A
(Eds.) Child sexual abuse: A guide for Healthcare and Legal
Professionals. New York:Brunner/Mazel.
Finkel, M.A. (1989).
Anogenital trauma in sexually abused children. Pediatrics, 84,
317-322.
Heger, A.H. & Emans,
S.J. (1990). Introital diameter as the criterion for sexual abuse.
Pediatrics, 85, 222-223.
Heger, A.H., Emans,
S.J. (Eds.) (1992). Evaluation of the sexually abused child: A
medical textbook and photographic atlas. New York, Oxford University
Press.
Krugman, R.D. (1989).
The more we learn, the less we know "with reasonable medical certainty?"
Child Abuse & Neglect, 13, 165-166.
McCann, J., Wells,
R., Simon, M. et al. (1989). Perianal findings in prepubertal children
selected for nonabuse: A descriptive study. Child Abuse and Neglect,
13, 179-193
McCann, J., Voris,
J., Simon, M & Wells, R. (1990). Comparison of genital examination
techniques in prepubertal girls. Pediatrics, 85, 182-187.
McCann, J., Wells,
R., Simon, M. & Voris, J. (1990). Genital findings in prepubertal girls
selected for nonabuse: A descriptive study. 86 Pediatrics,
428-439.
McCann, J., Voris,
J., & Simon, M.(1992). Genital injuries resulting from sexual abuse: A
longitudinal study. 89 Pediatrics, 307-317.
Paradise, J.E.,
Rostain, A.L. & Nathanson, M. (1988). Substantiation of sexual abuse
charges when parents dispute custody or visitation. Pediatrics,
81, 835-839.
Paradise, J. E.
(1989). Predictive accuracy and the diagnosis of sexual abuse: A big
issue about a little tissue. Child Abuse & Neglect, 13, 169-176.
Paradise, J.E.
(1990). The medical evaluation of the sexually abused child.
Pediatric Clinics of North America, 37, 839-862.
Paul, D.M. (1990).
The pitfalls which may be encountered during an examination for signs of
sexual abuse. Medical Science and the Law, 30(1), 3-11.
With
sex abuse hysteria running rampant in America, who’s to say what’s
normal? Here are some materials our team has found useful in
examining people regarding normal child sexuality:
Friedrich, W.N., Gramback, P.,
Broughton, D., Kuiper, J. & Beilke, R.L. (1991). Normative sexual
behavior in children. Pediatrics, 88, 456-464.
Haugaard, J.J. & Tilly, C. (1988).
Characteristics predicting children’s responses to sexual encounters
with other children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 12, 209-218.
Lamb, S. & Coakley, M. (1993). "Normal" childhood sexual play and games: Differentiating play from
abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 515-526.
Rosenfield, A.A., Bailey, R.R.,
Siegel, B. & Bailey, G. (1986). Determining incestuous contact between
parent and child: Frequency of children touching parent’s genitals in a nonclinical population.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry, 25, 481-484.
Rosenfeld, A., Siegal, B. & Bailey,
R. (1987). Familial bathing patterns: Implications for cases of alleged
molestation and for pediatric practice. Pediatrics, 79(2),
224-229.
Wakefield, H. & Underwager, R.
(1992). The alleged child victim and real victims. In Krivacska, J. &
Money, J (Eds.). Handbook of Sexology, Vol. 8: Sexology and the Law,
Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.
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